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Published on March 8, 2026

St. Paul's Catacombs: Exploring Malta's Underground Past

Delve into Malta's ancient subterranean world with a visit to St. Paul's Catacombs, a sprawling network of underground burial chambers in Rabat. These fascinating archaeological sites offer a unique glimpse into the island's Roman and early Christian history, revealing centuries of funerary practices and cultural heritage.

A Glimpse Beneath the Surface: What Are St. Paul's Catacombs?

Nestled just outside the ancient city of Mdina, in the charming town of Rabat, St. Paul's Catacombs represent Malta's largest and earliest archaeological evidence of Christianity. Dating primarily from the 3rd to the 8th centuries AD, this complex labyrinth of subterranean passages and chambers served as a communal burial ground for early Christians, Jews, and even some pagans.

The name "St. Paul's Catacombs" itself hints at the deep historical and religious significance attributed to the site. While the Apostle Paul's shipwreck on Malta around 60 AD led to the island's conversion to Christianity, the catacombs themselves are not directly linked to his personal burial. Instead, they are named in association with St. Paul's Grotto, a revered site nearby, and reflect the strong early Christian presence in Malta that followed his visit.

A Journey Through Time: The History of the Catacombs

The origins of St. Paul's Catacombs lie in Roman law, which forbade burials within city walls. Consequently, burial sites were established outside urban centres, leading to the development of these extensive underground cemeteries in Rabat, which was then a suburb of the Roman city of Melite (modern-day Mdina).

The catacombs are a testament to the multicultural society of ancient Malta. Excavations have revealed distinct sections and tomb types, indicating their use by various religious communities. While predominantly Christian, evidence of Jewish burial practices, such as menorah carvings, can also be found, highlighting a period of peaceful coexistence among different faiths. This blend of traditions makes the catacombs a particularly compelling archaeological site.

Over time, these burial grounds evolved. Initially, simple rock-cut tombs were created, which then expanded into vast networks. Many tombs feature anarcosolium, an arched recess carved into the rock, beneath which bodies were laid. Larger chambers were also carved out, some believed to have been used for funerary meals or communal gatherings, known asagapefeasts.

Fun Fact:The term "catacomb" originates from the Latin wordcatacumbas, referring to a specific burial ground near Rome, and later became a general term for underground cemeteries.

Exploring the Depths: What to Expect During Your Visit

A visit to St. Paul's Catacombs is an immersive experience. Upon arrival, you'll find a modern visitor centre providing context and information before descending into the ancient passages. It's advisable to wear comfortable shoes, as you'll be walking through uneven terrain, and a light jacket, as the underground temperature can be cooler than outside.

The site comprises over 30 hypogea (underground burial chambers), with the main complex being the largest and most accessible. You'll navigate a maze of narrow corridors, discovering chambers adorned with various types of tombs. Look out for:

  • Arcosolia:Arched tomb recesses, characteristic of many catacombs.
  • Trough Tombs:Simple rectangular cuts in the floor, often for multiple burials.
  • Agape Tables:Circular or semi-circular tables carved from the rock, believed to be used for funerary banquets or commemorative meals.
  • Fresco Fragments:In some areas, faint traces of wall paintings offer a rare glimpse into the decorative art of the period.

Information panels are strategically placed throughout the catacombs, offering detailed explanations of the history, symbolism, and archaeological findings. While largely self-guided, the well-marked paths ensure a comprehensive exploration of the accessible areas. Be prepared for some tight spaces and low ceilings in certain sections, adding to the authentic sense of discovery.

The Significance of St. Paul's Catacombs

Beyond their historical intrigue, St. Paul's Catacombs hold immense archaeological and cultural significance for Malta. They offer invaluable insights into the social structures, religious beliefs, and funerary customs of the island's inhabitants during the Roman and early Byzantine periods. The presence of diverse burial practices underscores Malta's role as a melting pot of cultures even in antiquity.

For those interested in early Christianity, the catacombs provide tangible evidence of the faith's establishment and growth on the island, following St. Paul's legendary arrival. They serve as a powerful reminder of Malta's long and continuous Christian heritage, making them a profound site for reflection.

Planning Your Visit: Practical Information

St. Paul's Catacombs are located in Rabat, a short walk from the magnificent fortified city of Mdina. Rabat is easily accessible by public transport from various parts of Malta, including Valletta and other major towns like Zebbug. If you're driving, parking is available nearby, though it can be busy during peak season.

It's always recommended to check the official website for the most up-to-date opening hours and any visitor guidelines before your trip. Allow at least 1-2 hours to fully explore the catacombs and the visitor centre.

Nearby Attractions:

  • St. Paul's Grotto:Directly above the catacombs, this cave is traditionally believed to be where St. Paul resided during his stay in Malta.
  • Domus Romana:An ancient Roman villa museum, also in Rabat, showcasing mosaics and artefacts from the Roman period.
  • Mdina:The "Silent City" is just a stone's throw away, offering stunning architecture, narrow streets, and panoramic views.

St. Paul's Catacombs vs. The Hypogeum: A Tale of Two Underground Worlds

While Malta is home to several incredible underground sites, it's important to distinguish St. Paul's Catacombs from the Hypogeum. Both are subterranean, but their origins, purpose, and age are vastly different.

  • St. Paul's Catacombs:Primarily a Roman-era burial site (3rd-8th century AD), characterized by rock-cut tombs and passages.
  • The Hypogeum:A unique prehistoric temple and necropolis (3600-2500 BC), much older, carved with remarkable precision, and serving a ritualistic and burial purpose in the Neolithic period.

Visiting both offers a comprehensive understanding of Malta's diverse underground history, from its earliest human settlements to its Roman influences.

Conclusion

St. Paul's Catacombs offer an unparalleled opportunity to step back in time and explore a significant chapter of Malta's past. This remarkable archaeological site provides a profound insight into the lives, beliefs, and funerary customs of the island's early communities. As you wander through its ancient passages, you'll gain a deeper appreciation for the rich layers of history hidden beneath Malta's sunny surface, making it an essential stop for any history enthusiast visiting the island.