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Published on February 15, 2026

Aksum Travel Guide: Exploring Ancient Ruins and Legends

Step back in time to Aksum, a city steeped in millennia of history and myth, nestled in the northern highlands of Ethiopia. As the heart of the ancient Aksumite Kingdom, this UNESCO World Heritage site offers an unparalleled journey into one of Africa's most powerful and enigmatic civilizations, inviting travelers to uncover monumental ruins and legendary tales.

Discovering Ancient Aksum: A Glimpse into a Mighty Kingdom

The city of Aksum served as the capital of the Aksumite Kingdom, a formidable trading empire that flourished from the 1st to the 7th century AD. Strategically located along vital trade routes connecting Africa, Arabia, and India, Aksum developed a unique culture, language (Ge'ez), and architecture. It was one of the first empires in the world to adopt Christianity as its official religion in the 4th century, a pivotal moment that continues to shape Ethiopia's identity.

Beyond its historical prominence, Aksum is famously linked to the legend of the Queen of Sheba and is believed by many to be the resting place of the Ark of the Covenant. These stories imbue the city with a profound spiritual aura, making it a pilgrimage site for Ethiopian Orthodox Christians and a fascinating destination for history enthusiasts.

The Aksumite Kingdom was one of the four great powers of the ancient world, alongside Persia, Rome, and China, demonstrating its immense influence and sophisticated civilization.

Key Attractions and Historical Sites in Aksum

The Northern Stelae Park

The most iconic symbols of Aksum are undoubtedly its colossal stelae, or obelisks, found primarily in the Northern Stelae Park. These monolithic granite pillars, some intricately carved to resemble multi-story buildings, served as grave markers for Aksumite royalty and nobility. The largest standing obelisk, approximately 24 meters tall, is an impressive testament to ancient engineering and artistry. Nearby lies the Great Stelae, which collapsed long ago and measures an astonishing 33 meters, believed to be the largest single piece of stone ever carved by humans.

Among these ancient markers, you'll also find the famousEzana's Inscription, a trilingual stone tablet inscribed in Ge'ez, Sabaean, and Ancient Greek, detailing King Ezana's conversion to Christianity and his military victories.

Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion

Central to Aksum's spiritual heart is the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion. This complex comprises several structures, including the old church (built in the 17th century), the new cathedral (built in the 1960s by Emperor Haile Selassie), and the Chapel of the Tablet. The chapel is considered the holiest sanctuary in Ethiopia, as it is believed to house the original Ark of the Covenant, protected by a solitary guardian monk.

While only the male faithful are permitted into the old church and photography is restricted in certain areas, the historical significance and palpable reverence of the site are undeniable. The new cathedral, open to all, features stunning frescoes and stained glass depicting biblical scenes and Ethiopian history.

Queen of Sheba's Palace (Dungur)

Located on the outskirts of Aksum, the ruins of Dungur are locally known as the "Queen of Sheba's Palace." While archaeological evidence suggests the site was likely a large Aksumite mansion or palace from the 6th century AD, the enduring legend connects it to the enigmatic Queen Makeda. Visitors can explore the foundations of a grand structure with numerous rooms, bathing facilities, and a sophisticated drainage system, offering a glimpse into the domestic life of Aksumite nobility.

Royal Tombs: King Kaleb's and Gebre Meskel's Tombs

To the north of the city lie the impressive rock-cut tombs of King Kaleb and his son, King Gebre Meskel. These subterranean chambers, dating back to the 6th century AD, feature multiple rooms and sarcophagi, showcasing the elaborate burial practices of Aksumite monarchs. Exploring these tombs provides a deeper understanding of the kingdom's reverence for its rulers and their afterlife beliefs.

Aksum Museum

Adjacent to the Northern Stelae Park, the Aksum Museum houses a remarkable collection of artifacts unearthed from various archaeological sites around the city. Here, you can examine ancient coins, pottery, tools, weapons, and intricate jewelry, all providing valuable insights into the daily life, artistic achievements, and trade networks of the Aksumite Kingdom.

Lioness of Gobedra

A short drive from Aksum leads to the Lioness of Gobedra, a large rock carving depicting a lioness. The exact age and purpose of this carving remain somewhat debated, but it offers another intriguing historical footnote to the region's rich past.

Planning Your Trip to Aksum

Getting There

The most convenient way to reach Aksum is by flying into Axum Airport (AXU) from Addis Ababa or Gondar. For those seeking a more adventurous route, buses connect Aksum with major cities like Mekelle and Gondar, though these journeys can be long and challenging.

Getting Around

Most of Aksum's main attractions are within walking distance of each other in the city center. For sites further afield, such as the Queen of Sheba's Palace or the Lioness of Gobedra, local tuk-tuks (bajaj) or hired cars are readily available.

Best Time to Visit

The dry season, fromOctober to March, is generally considered the best time to visit Aksum. The weather is pleasant, and the roads are in better condition. The rainy season, from June to September, can make some roads difficult to navigate.

Accommodation and Dining

Aksum offers a range of accommodation options, from budget guesthouses to more comfortable hotels. Dining experiences predominantly feature traditional Ethiopian cuisine, withinjera(a spongy flatbread) served with various stews (shiro,tibs,doro wat). Don't miss the opportunity to participate in a traditional Ethiopian coffee ceremony.

Cultural Etiquette and Tips

  • Dress Modestly:When visiting churches and religious sites, men and women should dress modestly, covering shoulders and knees. Shoes must be removed before entering churches.
  • Photography:Always ask for permission before photographing people. Be respectful, especially in religious contexts.
  • Local Guides:Hiring a local guide, particularly for the Aksumite sites, can greatly enhance your understanding and appreciation of the history and legends.
  • Respect the Ark:The Chapel of the Tablet is highly sacred. Be mindful of its significance and follow all instructions from local authorities.

Beyond Aksum: Exploring Northern Ethiopia

Aksum is often a key stop on a wider Northern Ethiopia historical circuit. Travelers frequently combine a visit to Aksum with other remarkable destinations such as the rock-hewn churches of Lalibela (such as the iconic Bete Giyorgis), the castles of Fasil Ghebbi in Gondar, and the stunning landscapes of the Simien Mountains National Park. Each offers a unique window into Ethiopia's diverse heritage and natural beauty.

Conclusion

Aksum is more than just a collection of ancient ruins; it is a living testament to a powerful past, a cradle of faith, and a repository of enduring legends. A journey to this remarkable city is an immersive experience that will captivate your imagination and leave you with a profound appreciation for Ethiopia's rich cultural and historical tapestry. Prepare to be awestruck by the monumental stelae, moved by the spiritual aura of its churches, and enchanted by the tales of queens and covenants that echo through its ancient stones.